Buried at the Bottom of the World When people die serving their country, to what lengths must a government go to recover the bodies?
The Map At The Bottom Of The World. While investigating the origins of ancient maps of Antarctica, the author discovers a copy of Agrippa’s long lost 2,0. Orbis Terrarum mysteriously affixed to the bottom of a 1. Sch. 1) is rendered on a standard cordiform projection, a grid of latitudes and longitudes conforming to a singular heart- shaped frame. It is a colorful highly detailed map with Eurasia, Africa and the Americas highlighted in white while the Antarctic continent, splayed across a large portion of the map’s lower perimeter, is rendered gold.
The gold toned continent is also distinguished from the rest with a Latin inscription spanning its width, “Terra Australis nuper inventa, sed nondum plene examinata,” translated “Southern land newly discovered, but not yet fully explored.” Had it been fully explored it would have been found to be a rather small landform which we know today as Tierra del Fuego. Twelve years prior to the creation of this map, Ferdinand Magellan discovered the strait allowing passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Fin. Hence, the massive continent positioned just a few miles beyond the tip of South America to allow for Magellan’s strait. His 1. 53. 1 world map (Fig. The result being that the Antarctic design is presented with much less distortion, approaching the appearance of modern- day Antarctica presented on a standard polar projection. Considering the map’s remarkable resemblance to the actual Antarctic continent, one can easily understand Charles Hapgood’s reaction of awe and disbelief when he first stumbled upon it, Hapgood being the American academician who reintroduced the map to the world in 1.
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Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings. While our current view of history dictates that this cannot be an authentic map of Antarctica, the accuracy in Fin. There is at least one possible explanation for this omission and that would be that these maps of Antarctica were territorial maps similar to maps of the United States with their omissions of Canada and Mexico.
Season 2 Episode 10: Directed by: Andy Wolk: Written by: Anupam Nigam: Original air date: August 21, 2014: Guest.
The only contradiction to this are the multiple river inlets along the northwestern coast of Western Antarctica suggesting that the area was bounded by a body of water whereas an overland border between Palmer and Western Antarctica would bear a solid delineation. This of course is assuming that the Palmer Peninsula was attached to the Antarctic continent. It is possible that, devoid of ice, the Palmer Peninsula would sit apart from Western Antarctica and find itself separated by a channel of water. Hapgood attributes the error of overscaling to a copyist confusing the 8. Antarctic Circle. It would seem that Hapgood spent little time investigating this particular theory. Had he done so he would have realized how flawed this idea actually was.
If the copyist confused the 8. Antarctic Circle—6. The result would actually be a major distortion or shortening of the continent’s perimetric features. This would be similar to an artist doubling or tripling the torso of a model, but maintaining the limbs at their normal size. In the case of both the cartographer and the artist, there is absolutely no possible way that they could overlook the fact that their resulting images in no way resembled the original subject. No, if we intend to validate these maps as ancient chartings of Antarctica, the overscaling and misalignment of the continent require a much more reasonable explanation. By analyzing the source we will attempt to determine the cartographer’s methodology and whether he was prone to dabbling in a little cartographic creativity or if he was more apt to rely upon ancient source maps in creating the Antarctic continent.
The initial design appears to have been introduced by German mathematician and cartographer Johannes Sch. In 1. 49. 2 Columbus had set forth in search of a shorter route to the spice- rich East Indies by sailing west from Europe. Unfortunately he fell short of this goal when he encountered a rather large obstacle that would eventually come to be known as America, but the voyage and its surprising find captured the attention of Europeans intrigued by the adventurous tales of new discovery. From Columbus’ discovery on, many more expeditions set forth in search of the elusive western sea passage, and with the return of each expedition came word of new discoveries.
The fevered pace of exploration and discovery also drove a strong demand for charts and globes which presented the most recent, up- to- date portrayals of the world. It is with this backdrop that we find cartographers such as Johannes Sch. The strait, which separates the tip of the South American mainland from the small archipelago of Tierra del Fuego, allowed European trade ships direct passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, home of the Spice Islands. And so it was that shortly after reports of the epic discovery made their way back to Europe, Johannes Sch. What of course is not so clear, and what we will attempt to determine, is why it would lead Sch.
News of Magellan’s discovery provided detailed information pertaining to the strait itself, but without navigation further southward there had been no full determination of the actual size of Tierra del Fuego and therefore interpretation was left to the cartographers’ individual discretion. We are extremely fortunate, however, that Sch. Antarctica as depicted on his world globe of 1. Fig. 4) shares very little in common with its 1. About the only similarity we can see is that it is an oversized rendering of the continent and is offset from the tip of South America creating a narrow passage similar to the Strait of Magellan. The inclusion of this strait has lead some to mistakenly suppose that the strait had been discovered prior to Magellan’s 1.
The vessel had been equipped by Nono and Christopher de Haro, in partnership with others. In fact, they have given a description of an extent of coasts, from six to seven hundred leagues . When they had attained the altitude of the fortieth degree, they found Brazil had a point extending into the sea. They have sailed around that point, and ascertained that the country lay, as in the south of Europe, entirely from east to west.
It is as if one crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to go east in ranging the coast of Barbary. But a storm prevented them from making any headway. Driven away by the Tramontane, or north wind, they retraced their course, and returned to the country of Brazil.”. The tract relates the account of a Portuguese sponsored expedition, which explored over 1. Brazilian coastline—Brazil being the name then applied to the whole of South America.
We can deduce from the numbers provided that the exploration of new coastline began some 1,6. Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The continuation of the sailors’ route is plotted out onto both Sch. They had actually discovered the San Matias Gulf as this complies with the sailors’ account of rounding a point of land 1. That point appears to be the San Matias Gulf’s convex northern shore. If we trace a course along the coastline from the 4. At 1. 80 the sailors noticed this continuing rise and believed they were heading up the western coast of the continent.
Had they been able to sail another 4. A wind out of the northwest would have directed them toward the gulf’s southern shore and past the Valdez Peninsula. After spying this southern coast they began to piece together the extent of their find. While all that was truly witnessed was a waterway of undetermined depth flanked by shorelines to the north and south, it did not prevent the sailors from embellishing with some of their own presuppositions. And though not directly stating that the inlet was a through passage they do make a strong intimation by equating their brief encounter with the bay as mirroring passage through the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea.
To whet the reader’s imagination a bit more they add that this new inlet was similar to traveling eastward through the Strait of Gibraltar “to go east in ranging the coast of Barbary”, the vast North African coast, generating strong implications of an extensive coastline composing the strait’s southern shore although only a few scant miles of coastline were actually spied. He was left visualizing a South American continent that tapered to a point just beyond the 4. Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Incorporating this newfound strait onto his 1. Sch? This leads us to Step 1 in Sch. Yet upon first glance at his 1. Sch. The only real- world landmass that even comes close in appearance is an atoll, but an atoll approaching this size does not exist.
The largest existing atoll is the great Chagos Bank and Sch. Yet it is within the realm of feasibility that Sch.
Throughout the screening process, there is one unique feature on Sch. However these two peninsulas, which prove to be impediments in attempting to associate the southern landmass with an existing atoll, become a bit more accommodating as we readjust our sights from two peninsulas extending into a small lagoon to two much, much larger peninsulas extending into a very sizable sea. Yet as we shall see this will prove a most fortunate mistake in our favor as we now have solid undeniable proof that Sch. It turns out that the two peninsulas actually represent two extremely well known, highly recognizable geographical features existing in the Mediterranean Sea: the lone set of prominent Peninsulas, Italy and Greece. As we will shortly establish in full, Sch. Ancient Greek maps such as those of Hecataeus and Homer (Fig.
Europe, Asia and Africa united in a singular circular band of land wrapped around a large inner sea, the Mediterranean. In turn the whole of the world is surrounded all about by an outer ocean.
The Strait of Gibraltar is located at the western end of the Mediterranean Sea forming the only passage between the inner sea and outer ocean. The combination of the Mediterranean Sea and Strait of Gibraltar effectively separate Europe from Africa to create a simple world map in the form of a reversed .